Diabetes mellitus is a chronic endocrine disease characterized by the inability to absorb glucose coming from food and necessary for nutrition, breathing and energy metabolism of cells. In this case, the production or interaction with the pancreas hormone - insulin is compromised. It is necessary to regulate the quantitative presence of glucose in the bloodstream. With improper operation of a glucose -Sensulin pair, hyperglycaemia is a persistent increase in glucose. The metabolism suffers, the work of kidneys, heart, blood vessels and central nerve systems is disturbed.
Types of diabetes
Two main varieties of diabetes are distinguished, which, although they belong to a group of endocrine diseases, still have differences.
First type of diabetes (type inzsd inzsd dependent on insulin)
It is characterized by the fact that for any reason the immune system attacks the beta cells of the pancreas (over 80%), producing insulin. There is no hormone, but glucose is delivered to the body with constantly food. Blood sugar goes out of scale. The first type diabetes is often detected in childhood or adolescence. But for adults it is not rare.
Second type diabetes (insulin -dher, II II)
Type II diabetes is diagnosed more often in people after 30-40 years. But the disease is becoming younger. In 90 % of cases in patients, excess weight is observed. The body can still produce insulin, but the sensitivity of the cells to insulin is reduced (this is called insulin -resistance). A vicious circle rises. The cells do not feel insulin, the body produces even more insulin to nourish; cage. Glucose accumulates simply in the blood and insulin increases appetite. A person eats, jumps the sugar, insulin -resistance intensifies.
Prediabet
Here, the glucose level goes beyond the reference values, but you cannot even talk about diabetes. Prediabet can become the basis for the development of type II diabetes, as well as diseases of the cardiovascular system.
Gestational diabetes is characteristic during pregnancy. Most often it is found in the quarter II or III.
In addition, the course of the disease differs in gravity: light (i), medium (ii) and heavy (iii).
Diabetes. Symptoms
If you do not have the habit of donating blood for glucose once a year and you do not know the endocrinologist of the clinic of person, there are a series of symptoms that can tell you that it is time to contact a specialist. But we will immediately make a reserve, the signs of diabetes are manifested if the deficiency of insulin is already moving to a critical point. Therefore, at the moment, the most effective way to discover your sugar level is to give blood.
Diabetes of the first type
Symptoms of diabetes of the first type:
- constant, insatiable thirst;
- dry mouth;
- frequent urination;
- apathy and fatigue;
- insatiable hunger;
- weight loss (an average of 3-5 kg), not related to any action of a person;
- Problems with vision (vagueness of the image, as if everything were in the fog).
Second type diabetes
The symptoms of second type diabetes are similar to type I diabetes in some parameters: it is thirst, hunger, dry jaws, fatigue, vision problems and frequent booty impulses. But this type has its signs:
- numbness and tingling in the arms and legs;
- Slow healing wounds and recurring infections.
The causes of diabetes
Alas, scientists cannot appoint the exact causes of the development of diabetes in humans (in particular the first type). A poor ecology, an abundance of viral infections and an inadequate operation of the immune system are taken as a basis. Among the causes of the development of diabetes mellitus they usually stand out:
- Hereditary predisposition. In addition, the risk reaches 10%if the father is sick of diabetes of the first type and 2, 5%if the mother. If both parents are diagnosed with type II diabetes, the child has the risk of this disease after 40 years increases to 65-70%;
- unbalanced diet with abundance of carbohydrates;
- Excess weight (90% of people with II of type II has);
- lack of physical activity;
- stress on a continuous basis;
- prediabet;
- prolonged use of some drugs (diuretic, hormonal, salicylated, cytostatic, etc. );
- ethnicity (in the children of the European race, the risk of developing diabetes of the first highest type);
- History of gestational diabetes;
- Chronic insufficiency of the adrenal cortex.
Complications
This disease is insidious and if the doctor's instructions are not observed, complications of diabetes (chronic and acute) may appear, which jeopardize the work of the whole body. Chronic complications are observed when a high level of sugar lasts a long time.
The following chronic complications can be distinguished:
- The fragility of the blood vessels in the retina (retinopathy) leads to a decrease in visual acuity, the early development of the cataract or cause blindness.
- With diabetes, periodontitis often occurs, bringing to the loss of teeth or problems with the heart. In addition, a variety of infectious diseases of the oral cavity are possible. Hygiene must be observed well and visit the dentist regularly.
- Cardiovascular diseases are the most common causes of disability and mortality among diabetics. Angina Pectoris, myocardial infarction, stroke and others. The lack of observation of cholesterol and glucose levels, an increase in blood pressure contributes to the development of these complications.
- Nephropathy, or the destruction of the blood vessels in the kidney, leads to the failure of the functioning or refusal of the kidneys. Infernal control is needed.
- Neuropathy (damage of nerves). Very often, the risk of neuropathy is exposed to the legs. The walls of the vases and nerve fibers are destroyed, the blood flow towards the legs worsens. The signs of neuropathy development are tingling, pain, crawling goosebumps or sensitivity. Patients, in particular the elderly, usually do not attack the meaning to this, which is framed of the development of ulcers, infectious diseases and amputation. Neuropathy can affect other body systems (erectile dysfunction, problems with the gastrointestinal tract, parental parent system).
- Diabetes is one of the causes of atherosclerosis, since the vases become fragile, fragile and increases the risk of a thrombus.
- There are often joint pain, since diabetes leads to a decrease in the amount of synovial liquid.
- In addition, there is a high frequency of development of mental disorders.
Acute complications, which develop rapidly, are generally interconnected with fluctuations in blood sugar. The bass (hypoglycaemia) and the high (hyperglycaemia) lead to crisis. The crisis of hypoglycaemia (3, 9 mmol/l or lower) is manifested as convulsion and hyperglycemic crises are dangerous for the occurrence of diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglymic state hyperosmular. These are emergency and threatening conditions, which lead to convulsions, coma and fatal results.
Diagnosis of diabetes
The diagnosis of diabetes is an important step. In an ideal situation, a person should be aware of his glucose level, especially after 45 years. But if it is at risk, then the analysis should be carried out more often and you have to do it first, so as not to waste the precious time.
Diabetes is diagnosed in different ways:
- Analysis for hemoglobin Glimata. The results of the analysis demonstrate the average level of glucose in the blood in the last 2-3 months. So you can trace the dynamics;
- Glucose analysis in blood plasma (capillary or venous) on an empty stomach. Audit demonstrates the position of glucose at the moment;
- The gluczotolerant test is prescribed in doubtful cases. The test lasts a long time and includes a measurement of glucose levels before and after taking a glass of water with glucose dissolved in it;
- Urine analysis for the presence of glucose and/or acetone. A healthy person is not characterized by the presence of these elements in the urine.
Treatment
In the treatment of type I diabetes mellitus, the main treatment for insulin is the main treatment for insulin, which must be administered every day in a prescribed dose and calculated by the attending physician. Special insulin syringes can be used, syringes for hands or insulin pumps, independently calculating the necessary dose of the archived hormone. Upon certain conditions, it is possible to prescribe drugs for diabetes that stimulate the body to develop their insulin.
In the diabetes of the first species, the insulin of chips every day, since the passages are full of development of diabetic ketoacidosis, leading to death. Daily insulin + adequate nutrition + physical activity can provide life without complications.
With type II diabetes, a doctor prescribes the pharmacological treatment designed to reduce sugar levels and normalize a person's conditions. Sometimes it may be necessary for replacement therapy with insulin, but it must not be received daily. The diet in diabetes is observed without failure, as well as an increase in physical activity, body weight control.
In the presence of pre-diabetes, the exam must be carried out once every six months or a year. It is also necessary to get rid of excess weight and move on to dietary nutrition.
With gestational diabetes, it is necessary to carefully monitor the level of glucose in the blood and follow the recommendations of the observant doctor. Very often after childbirth, blood sugar returns to normal. But there is the risk of developing second type diabetes.
Forecast and prevention
Diabetes mellitus is a serious endocrine disease that reduces 5-10 years life and men die more often women. Infectious and viral diseases are more seriously tolerated. The complications against the background of pneumonia, the influence occur 6 times more often, compared to people's statistics without diabetes in a story. In healthy people, compared to diabetics, Alzheimer's and other forms of dementia develop less often.
But with diabetes you can and should be fought. The competent management helps them avoid many problems and complications. Therefore, 50-60% of cases of illness is stabilized and not progressed.
The appropriate control and prevention of diabetes are:
- Regular control of glucose;
- Special diet for diabetes;
- do sports in moderate mode;
- observation of blood pressure and cholesterol;
- Regular visit to the necessary and surveyed specialists;
- Take medicines prescribed by a doctor.
Diabetes is not completely studied, but medicines and a conscious attitude towards their life with this disorder will help to live for a long time and without complications.